12/05/1928 | Joined the Buffalo HS Bisons. |
01/01/1929 | OSA scouting updated ratings (potential): Stuff: - (-); Movement: - (-); Control: - (-). |
01/01/1930 | OSA scouting updated ratings (potential): Stuff: - (-); Movement: - (-); Control: - (-). |
01/01/1931 | OSA scouting updated ratings (potential): Stuff: - (-); Movement: - (-); Control: - (-). |
04/18/1931 | Injured (Hamstring strain), out for 2-3 months. |
12/05/1931 | Released by the Buffalo HS Bisons. |
12/05/1931 | Drafted in the 1931 first-year player draft by the Montreal Saints (Round 21, Pick 5, 327th overall pick). |
01/01/1932 | OSA scouting updated ratings (potential): Stuff: - (-); Movement: - (-); Control: - (-). |
05/09/1932 | Released by the Montreal organization. |
09/02/1932 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Galveston Gunners organization. |
09/03/1932 | Released by the Galveston Gunners. |
09/04/1932 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Davenport Dusters organization. |
09/05/1932 | Released by the Davenport Dusters. |
09/07/1932 | Signed a minor league contract ($250 bonus) with the Philadelphia Sailors organization. |
01/01/1933 | OSA scouting updated ratings (potential): Stuff: - (-); Movement: - (-); Control: - (-). |
04/17/1933 | Released by the Philadelphia organization. |
05/11/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Amarillo Stars organization. |
05/12/1933 | Released by the Amarillo Stars. |
05/13/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Fort Worth Cattlemen organization. |
05/14/1933 | Released by the Fort Worth Cattlemen. |
05/14/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Hollywood Heroes organization. |
05/15/1933 | Released by the Hollywood Heroes. |
05/15/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Charleston Blue Legs organization. |
05/16/1933 | Released by the Charleston Blue Legs. |
05/16/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Austin Violets organization. |
05/17/1933 | Released by the Austin Violets. |
05/17/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the San Antonio Gunslingers organization. |
05/18/1933 | Released by the San Antonio Gunslingers. |
05/18/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Fort Worth Cattlemen organization. |
05/19/1933 | Released by the Fort Worth Cattlemen. |
05/21/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Portland Green Sox organization. |
05/22/1933 | Released by the Portland Green Sox. |
05/22/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Hollywood Heroes organization. |
06/06/1933 | Released by the Hollywood Heroes. |
06/07/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Fort Worth Cattlemen organization. |
06/08/1933 | Released by the Fort Worth Cattlemen. |
06/12/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the El Paso Missions organization. |
06/13/1933 | Released by the El Paso Missions. |
06/15/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Oklahoma City Chiefs organization. |
06/16/1933 | Released by the Oklahoma City Chiefs. |
06/17/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Pueblo Mountaineers organization. |
06/18/1933 | Released by the Pueblo Mountaineers. |
06/18/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Galveston Gunners organization. |
06/19/1933 | Released by the Galveston Gunners. |
06/20/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the San Antonio Gunslingers organization. |
06/21/1933 | Released by the San Antonio Gunslingers. |
06/25/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Houston Bulls organization. |
06/26/1933 | Released by the Houston Bulls. |
06/27/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Oklahoma City Chiefs organization. |
06/28/1933 | Released by the Oklahoma City Chiefs. |
07/01/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Oklahoma City Chiefs organization. |
07/02/1933 | Released by the Oklahoma City Chiefs. |
07/02/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Dallas Centurions organization. |
07/03/1933 | Released by the Dallas Centurions. |
07/03/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Tulsa Roughnecks organization. |
07/05/1933 | Released by the Tulsa Roughnecks. |
07/10/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Tulsa Roughnecks organization. |
07/11/1933 | Released by the Tulsa Roughnecks. |
07/13/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Dallas Centurions organization. |
07/14/1933 | Released by the Dallas Centurions. |
07/15/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Houston Bulls organization. |
07/19/1933 | Released by the Houston Bulls. |
07/27/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the San Antonio Gunslingers organization. |
07/28/1933 | Released by the San Antonio Gunslingers. |
07/30/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Dallas Centurions organization. |
08/10/1933 | Released by the Dallas Centurions. |
08/14/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the San Antonio Gunslingers organization. |
08/17/1933 | Released by the San Antonio Gunslingers. |
08/21/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Houston Bulls organization. |
08/25/1933 | Released by the Houston Bulls. |
08/28/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Houston Bulls organization. |
08/29/1933 | Released by the Houston Bulls. |
08/29/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Amarillo Stars organization. |
08/30/1933 | Released by the Amarillo Stars. |
08/30/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the San Antonio Gunslingers organization. |
08/31/1933 | Released by the San Antonio Gunslingers. |
08/31/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Fort Worth Cattlemen organization. |
09/01/1933 | Released by the Fort Worth Cattlemen. |
09/02/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the El Paso Missions organization. |
09/04/1933 | Released by the El Paso Missions. |
09/05/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Seattle Thunderbirds organization. |
09/09/1933 | Released by the Seattle Thunderbirds. |
09/12/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Oklahoma City Chiefs organization. |
09/13/1933 | Released by the Oklahoma City Chiefs. |
09/14/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the El Paso Missions organization. |
09/15/1933 | Released by the El Paso Missions. |
09/15/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Charleston Blue Legs organization. |
09/16/1933 | Released by the Charleston Blue Legs. |
09/20/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Syracuse Excelsiors organization. |
09/21/1933 | Released by the Syracuse Excelsiors. |
09/25/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Dallas Centurions organization. |
09/26/1933 | Released by the Dallas Centurions. |
09/26/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Dallas Centurions organization. |
09/27/1933 | Released by the Dallas Centurions. |
09/28/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Syracuse Excelsiors organization. |
09/29/1933 | Released by the Syracuse Excelsiors. |
10/01/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the El Paso Missions organization. |
10/02/1933 | Released by the El Paso Missions. |
10/02/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Oklahoma City Chiefs organization. |
10/03/1933 | Released by the Oklahoma City Chiefs. |
10/03/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Richmond Rebels organization. |
10/04/1933 | Released by the Richmond Rebels. |
10/05/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the El Paso Missions organization. |
10/06/1933 | Released by the El Paso Missions. |
10/09/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the San Antonio Gunslingers organization. |
10/10/1933 | Released by the San Antonio Gunslingers. |
10/10/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the El Paso Missions organization. |
10/11/1933 | Released by the El Paso Missions. |
10/11/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the El Paso Missions organization. |
10/12/1933 | Released by the El Paso Missions. |
10/12/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Austin Violets organization. |
10/15/1933 | Released by the Austin Violets. |
10/17/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Richmond Rebels organization. |
10/18/1933 | Released by the Richmond Rebels. |
10/22/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Syracuse Excelsiors organization. |
10/24/1933 | Released by the Syracuse Excelsiors. |
11/01/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Houston Bulls organization. |
11/02/1933 | Released by the Houston Bulls. |
11/02/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Fort Worth Cattlemen organization. |
11/03/1933 | Released by the Fort Worth Cattlemen. |
11/03/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Charleston Blue Legs organization. |
11/04/1933 | Released by the Charleston Blue Legs. |
11/05/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Syracuse Excelsiors organization. |
11/06/1933 | Released by the Syracuse Excelsiors. |
11/06/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Richmond Rebels organization. |
11/07/1933 | Released by the Richmond Rebels. |
11/08/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Richmond Rebels organization. |
11/09/1933 | Released by the Richmond Rebels. |
11/09/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Houston Bulls organization. |
11/10/1933 | Released by the Houston Bulls. |
11/10/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the El Paso Missions organization. |
11/11/1933 | Released by the El Paso Missions. |
11/11/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Houston Bulls organization. |
11/12/1933 | Released by the Houston Bulls. |
11/14/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Fort Worth Cattlemen organization. |
11/15/1933 | Released by the Fort Worth Cattlemen. |
11/19/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the El Paso Missions organization. |
11/20/1933 | Released by the El Paso Missions. |
11/20/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Austin Violets organization. |
12/19/1933 | Released by the Austin Violets. |
12/26/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Houston Bulls organization. |
12/27/1933 | Released by the Houston Bulls. |
12/27/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the El Paso Missions organization. |
12/28/1933 | Released by the El Paso Missions. |
12/28/1933 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Portland Green Sox organization. |
12/29/1933 | Released by the Portland Green Sox. |
01/01/1934 | OSA scouting updated ratings (potential): Stuff: - (-); Movement: - (-); Control: - (-). |
01/01/1934 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the San Diego Conquistadors organization. |
01/02/1934 | Released by the San Diego Conquistadors. |
01/02/1934 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Charleston Blue Legs organization. |
01/10/1934 | Released by the Charleston Blue Legs. |
01/17/1934 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Syracuse Excelsiors organization. |
02/07/1934 | Released by the Syracuse Excelsiors. |
02/19/1934 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Dallas Centurions organization. |
04/05/1934 | Released by the Dallas Centurions. |
04/11/1934 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Austin Violets organization. |
04/28/1934 | Released by the Austin Violets. |
04/30/1934 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Fort Worth Cattlemen organization. |
05/07/1934 | Released by the Fort Worth Cattlemen. |
05/09/1934 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Charleston Blue Legs organization. |
05/30/1934 | Released by the Charleston Blue Legs. |
06/04/1934 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Dallas Centurions organization. |
06/05/1934 | Released by the Dallas Centurions. |
06/06/1934 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Dallas Centurions organization. |
06/07/1934 | Released by the Dallas Centurions. |
06/07/1934 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Dallas Centurions organization. |
06/08/1934 | Released by the Dallas Centurions. |
06/10/1934 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Fort Worth Cattlemen organization. |
06/11/1934 | Released by the Fort Worth Cattlemen. |
06/11/1934 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Oklahoma City Chiefs organization. |
06/18/1934 | Released by the Oklahoma City Chiefs. |
06/18/1934 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Galveston Gunners organization. |
06/19/1934 | Released by the Galveston Gunners. |
06/19/1934 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Houston Bulls organization. |
06/20/1934 | Released by the Houston Bulls. |
06/27/1934 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Houston Bulls organization. |
06/28/1934 | Released by the Houston Bulls. |
06/29/1934 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Syracuse Excelsiors organization. |
07/01/1934 | Released by the Syracuse Excelsiors. |
07/02/1934 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Amarillo Stars organization. |
07/03/1934 | Released by the Amarillo Stars. |
07/04/1934 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Houston Bulls organization. |
07/18/1934 | Released by the Houston Bulls. |
07/23/1934 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the San Antonio Gunslingers organization. |
08/06/1934 | Released by the San Antonio Gunslingers. |
08/08/1934 | Signed a minor league contract ($290 bonus) with the Chicago Cougars organization. |
01/01/1935 | OSA scouting updated ratings (potential): Stuff: - (-); Movement: - (-); Control: - (-). |
10/07/1935 | Released by the Chicago organization. |
10/08/1935 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the San Antonio Gunslingers organization. |
10/09/1935 | Released by the San Antonio Gunslingers. |
10/13/1935 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Wichita Rustlers organization. |
10/14/1935 | Released by the Wichita Rustlers. |
10/18/1935 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Tulsa Roughnecks organization. |
10/19/1935 | Released by the Tulsa Roughnecks. |
10/20/1935 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Des Moines Bears organization. |
11/13/1935 | Released by the Des Moines Bears. |
11/20/1935 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Syracuse Excelsiors organization. |
01/01/1936 | OSA scouting updated ratings (potential): Stuff: - (-); Movement: - (-); Control: - (-). |
02/18/1936 | Released by the Syracuse Excelsiors. |
02/25/1936 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Des Moines Bears organization. |
03/20/1936 | Released by the Des Moines Bears. |
03/24/1936 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the El Paso Missions organization. |
04/23/1936 | Released by the El Paso Missions. |
04/27/1936 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the El Paso Missions organization. |
04/28/1936 | Released by the El Paso Missions. |
04/28/1936 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Pueblo Mountaineers organization. |
04/30/1936 | Released by the Pueblo Mountaineers. |
05/04/1936 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Des Moines Bears organization. |
05/05/1936 | Released by the Des Moines Bears. |
05/05/1936 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Hollywood Heroes organization. |
05/18/1936 | Released by the Hollywood Heroes. |
05/22/1936 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Pueblo Mountaineers organization. |
05/25/1936 | Released by the Pueblo Mountaineers. |
05/25/1936 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Wichita Rustlers organization. |
05/29/1936 | Released by the Wichita Rustlers. |
06/03/1936 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Austin Violets organization. |
06/04/1936 | Released by the Austin Violets. |
06/06/1936 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Syracuse Excelsiors organization. |
06/07/1936 | Released by the Syracuse Excelsiors. |
06/08/1936 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the El Paso Missions organization. |
06/09/1936 | Released by the El Paso Missions. |
06/11/1936 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the El Paso Missions organization. |
06/12/1936 | Released by the El Paso Missions. |
06/12/1936 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Hollywood Heroes organization. |
06/13/1936 | Released by the Hollywood Heroes. |
06/15/1936 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Austin Violets organization. |
06/16/1936 | Released by the Austin Violets. |
06/16/1936 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the El Paso Missions organization. |
06/17/1936 | Released by the El Paso Missions. |
06/20/1936 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the El Paso Missions organization. |
06/21/1936 | Released by the El Paso Missions. |
06/22/1936 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Galveston Gunners organization. |
06/23/1936 | Released by the Galveston Gunners. |
06/27/1936 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Dallas Centurions organization. |
06/28/1936 | Released by the Dallas Centurions. |
06/29/1936 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Dallas Centurions organization. |
06/30/1936 | Released by the Dallas Centurions. |
06/30/1936 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Waco Wranglers organization. |
07/01/1936 | Released by the Waco Wranglers. |
07/02/1936 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Charleston Blue Legs organization. |
07/08/1936 | Released by the Charleston Blue Legs. |
07/14/1936 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Portland Green Sox organization. |
07/15/1936 | Released by the Portland Green Sox. |
07/19/1936 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Hollywood Heroes organization. |
08/06/1936 | Released by the Hollywood Heroes. |
08/11/1936 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Houston Bulls organization. |
08/12/1936 | Released by the Houston Bulls. |
08/14/1936 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Fort Worth Cattlemen organization. |
09/10/1936 | Released by the Fort Worth Cattlemen. |
09/14/1936 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the San Diego Conquistadors organization. |
09/15/1936 | Released by the San Diego Conquistadors. |
09/16/1936 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Wichita Rustlers organization. |
09/17/1936 | Released by the Wichita Rustlers. |
09/24/1936 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Waco Wranglers organization. |
10/28/1936 | Released by the Waco Wranglers. |
11/02/1936 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Amarillo Stars organization. |
11/03/1936 | Released by the Amarillo Stars. |
11/03/1936 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Portland Green Sox organization. |
11/04/1936 | Released by the Portland Green Sox. |
11/12/1936 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Richmond Rebels organization. |
11/13/1936 | Released by the Richmond Rebels. |
11/17/1936 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Sacramento Governors organization. |
01/01/1937 | OSA scouting updated ratings (potential): Stuff: - (-); Movement: - (-); Control: - (-). |
02/16/1937 | Released by the Sacramento Governors. |
02/24/1937 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the San Diego Conquistadors organization. |
04/29/1937 | Released by the San Diego Conquistadors. |
05/04/1937 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Pueblo Mountaineers organization. |
05/05/1937 | Released by the Pueblo Mountaineers. |
05/05/1937 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Wichita Rustlers organization. |
05/06/1937 | Released by the Wichita Rustlers. |
05/07/1937 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Tulsa Roughnecks organization. |
05/08/1937 | Released by the Tulsa Roughnecks. |
05/12/1937 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Amarillo Stars organization. |
05/13/1937 | Released by the Amarillo Stars. |
05/20/1937 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Oklahoma City Chiefs organization. |
05/21/1937 | Released by the Oklahoma City Chiefs. |
05/26/1937 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Charleston Blue Legs organization. |
05/29/1937 | Released by the Charleston Blue Legs. |
05/31/1937 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Denver Plainsmen organization. |
06/01/1937 | Released by the Denver Plainsmen. |
06/01/1937 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Oklahoma City Chiefs organization. |
06/02/1937 | Released by the Oklahoma City Chiefs. |
06/07/1937 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Denver Plainsmen organization. |
06/08/1937 | Released by the Denver Plainsmen. |
06/09/1937 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Wichita Rustlers organization. |
06/15/1937 | Released by the Wichita Rustlers. |
06/19/1937 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Amarillo Stars organization. |
06/20/1937 | Released by the Amarillo Stars. |
06/29/1937 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Des Moines Bears organization. |
06/30/1937 | Released by the Des Moines Bears. |
07/01/1937 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Wichita Rustlers organization. |
07/02/1937 | Released by the Wichita Rustlers. |
07/02/1937 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Pueblo Mountaineers organization. |
07/03/1937 | Released by the Pueblo Mountaineers. |
07/07/1937 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Wichita Rustlers organization. |
07/08/1937 | Released by the Wichita Rustlers. |
07/10/1937 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Wichita Rustlers organization. |
07/11/1937 | Released by the Wichita Rustlers. |
07/13/1937 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Pueblo Mountaineers organization. |
07/14/1937 | Released by the Pueblo Mountaineers. |
07/15/1937 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Tulsa Roughnecks organization. |
07/16/1937 | Released by the Tulsa Roughnecks. |
07/18/1937 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Des Moines Bears organization. |
07/19/1937 | Released by the Des Moines Bears. |
07/27/1937 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Amarillo Stars organization. |
07/28/1937 | Released by the Amarillo Stars. |
07/28/1937 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Syracuse Excelsiors organization. |
07/29/1937 | Released by the Syracuse Excelsiors. |
08/05/1937 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Amarillo Stars organization. |
08/06/1937 | Released by the Amarillo Stars. |
08/09/1937 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Amarillo Stars organization. |
08/10/1937 | Released by the Amarillo Stars. |
08/12/1937 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Dallas Centurions organization. |
08/13/1937 | Released by the Dallas Centurions. |
09/05/1937 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Austin Violets organization. |
09/06/1937 | Released by the Austin Violets. |
09/14/1937 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Austin Violets organization. |
09/15/1937 | Released by the Austin Violets. |
09/16/1937 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Houston Bulls organization. |
09/17/1937 | Released by the Houston Bulls. |
09/19/1937 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Amarillo Stars organization. |
09/20/1937 | Released by the Amarillo Stars. |
09/23/1937 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Austin Violets organization. |
09/24/1937 | Released by the Austin Violets. |
09/24/1937 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Dallas Centurions organization. |
09/25/1937 | Released by the Dallas Centurions. |
10/02/1937 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Syracuse Excelsiors organization. |
10/03/1937 | Released by the Syracuse Excelsiors. |
10/10/1937 | Signed a 1-year minor league contract with the Hollywood Heroes organization. |
10/11/1937 | Released by the Hollywood Heroes. |
10/14/1937 | Retired from professional baseball. |